Transponders & tags
A small device (E-ZPass, SunPass, TxTag, FasTrak, and others) that a reader detects at highway speed and links to a prepaid account. Most regions honor neighbors' tags through interoperability agreements, but coverage is not yet nationwide.
All-electronic tolling
No booths. Overhead gantries read your tag or photograph your plate, and you're billed automatically. Most new toll facilities open this way; many older ones have converted.
Pay-by-plate
If you have no tag, a camera reads your license plate and mails an invoice to the registered owner — usually at a higher rate than the tag price, plus fees.
Dynamic pricing
On many express lanes the price changes minute to minute with demand, keeping the lane flowing. The posted rate is what you pay when you enter, even if it rises behind you.
Managed / express lanes
Tolled lanes running alongside free general-purpose lanes. Drivers buy out of congestion; carpools often ride free or discounted.
Interoperability
The patchwork of agreements that lets one tag work across agencies. The E-ZPass network spans much of the East and Midwest; the West and South are still consolidating.